Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics (part 1)

Intuition of how gases generate pressure in a container and why pressure x volume is proportional to the combined kinetic energy of the molecules in the volume.

Thermodynamics (part 2)

Example problem that pv=pv. Introduction to temperature.

Thermodynamics (part 3)

Introduction to Kelvin. Example of a problem involving the ideal gas law

Thermodynamics (part 4)

Introduction to the concept of a mole. Universal gas constant R. PV=nRT

Thermodynamics (part 5)

Example problem involving PV=nRT

Macrostates and Microstates

The difference between macrostates and microstates. Thermodynamic equilibrium.

Quasistatic and Reversible Processes

Using theoretically quasi-static and/or reversible processes to stay pretty much at equilibrium.

First Law of Thermodynamics/ Internal Energy

First law of thermodynamic and Internal Energy

More on Internal Energy

Getting more intuition of internal energy, heat, and work

Work from Expansion

How a system can do work by expanding

PV-diagrams and Expansion Work

Why work from expansion is the area under the curve of a PV-diagram

Proof: U=(3/2)PV or U=(3/2)nRT

Conceptual proof that the internal energy of an ideal gas system is 3/2 PV.

Work Done by Isothermic Process

Isothermic and Adiabatic processes. Calculating the work done by an isothermic process. Seeing that it is the same as the heat added.

Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine

Introduction to the Carnot Cycle and Carnot Heat Engine

Proof: Volume Ratios in a Carnot Cycle

Proof of the volume ratios in a Carnot Cycle

Proof: S (or Entropy) is a valid state variable

Proof that S (or entropy) is a valid state variable.

Thermodynamic Entropy Definition Clarification

Clarifying that the thermodynamic definition of Entropy requires a reversible system.

Reconciling Thermodynamic and State Definitions of Entropy

Long video explaining why entropy is a measure of the number of states a system can take on (mathy, but mind-blowing).

Entropy Intuition

A discussion of what entropy is and what it isn't.

Maxwell's Demon

Maxwell's Demon: A thought experiment that seems to defy the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

More on Entropy

More clarification as to what entropy is and what entropy is not.

Efficiency of a Carnot Engine

Definition of efficiency for a heat engine. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine.

Carnot Efficiency 2: Reversing the Cycle

Seeing how we can scale and or reverse a Carnot Engine (to make a refrigerator)

Carnot Efficiency 3: Proving that it is the most efficient

Proving that a Carnot Engine is the most efficient engine

Enthalpy

Understanding why enthalpy can be viewed as "heat content" in a constant pressure system.

Heat of Formation

Standard heat of formation or standard enthalpy change of formation.

Hess's Law and Reaction Enthalpy Change

Using Hess's Law and standard heats of formation to determine the enthalpy change for reactions

Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

Intuition behind why spontaneity is driven by enthalpy, entropy and temperature. Introduction to Gibbs free energy.

Gibbs Free Energy Example

Determining if a reaction is spontaneous by calculating the change in Gibbs Free Energy.

More rigorous Gibbs Free Energy/ Spontaneity Relationship

More formal understanding of why a negative change in Gibbs Free Energy implies a spontaneous, irreversible reaction.

A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs/Spontaneity Proof

A look at why the "proof" of the relation between changes in Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity is wrong in many textbooks.

Stoichiometry Example Problem 1

Figuring grams of reactants and product produced from reaction of phosphorous and chlorine

Stoichiometry Example Problem 2

Stoichiometry Example Problem 2

Limiting Reactant Example Problem 1

Limiting Reactant Example Problem 1

Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Stoichiometry

Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Stoichiometry

Example of Finding Reactant Empirical Formula

Example of Finding Reactant Empirical Formula

Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution

Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution

Another Stoichiometry Example in a Solution

Another Stoichiometry Example in a Solution

Molecular and Empirical Forumlas from Percent Composition

Molecular and Empirical Forumlas from Percent Composition. Example 2.9 from Kotz Chemistry book

Hess's Law Example

Hess's Law Example