Quartz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Quartz | |
|---|---|
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Chemical formula | Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) |
| Identification | |
| Color | Clear (if no impurities); also see Varieties |
| Crystal habit | 6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical) |
| Crystal system | rhombohedral class 32 |
| Twinning | Dauphine law, Brazil law and Japan law |
| Cleavage | None |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 7 - lower in impure varieties |
| Luster | Vitreous/glossy |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.543 - 1.545 nε = 1.552 - 1.554 |
| Optical Properties | Uniaxial (+) |
| Birefringence | +0.009 (B-G interval) |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Streak | White |
| Specific gravity | 2.65 constant; variable in impure varieties |
| Melting point | 1650 (±75) °C |
| Solubility | H2O insoluble |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Other Characteristics | Piezoelectric |
Quartz (from German Quarz[1]) is the second most common mineral in the Earth's continental crust. It is made up of a lattice of silica (SiO2) tetrahedra. Quartz has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and a density of 2.65 g/cm³.
Contents
|
[edit] Crystal habit
Quartz belongs to the rhombohedral crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growth into a void, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void is approximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward.
[edit] Varieties
Quartz goes by an array of different names. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). Chalcedony is a generic term for cryptocrystalline quartz. The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline.
Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the colour of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Colour is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties. This does not always hold true.
Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Prasiolite, an olive coloured material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treated amethyst. Carnelian is widely heat-treated to deepen its colour.
Because natural quartz is so often twinned, much quartz used in industry is synthesized. Large, flawless and untwinned crystals are produced in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process: emeralds are also synthesized in this fashion.
Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites. Well-formed crystals may reach several metres in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms. These veins may bear precious metals such as gold or silver, and form the quartz ores sought in mining. Erosion of pegmatites may reveal expansive pockets of crystals, known as "cathedrals."
Quartz is a common constituent of granite, sandstone, limestone, and many other igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
-
Major Varieties Chalcedony Any cryptocrystalline quartz, although generally only used for white or lightly coloured material. Otherwise more specific names are used. Agate Multi-coloured, banded Chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent Onyx Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size. Jasper Opaque chalcedony, impure Aventurine Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer. Tiger's eye Fibrous gold to red-brown coloured quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy. Rock crystal or mountain crystal Clear, colourless Amethyst Purple, transparent Citrine Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow Prasiolite Mint green, transparent Rose quartz Pink, translucent, may display diasterism Milk quartz or snow quartz White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism Smoky quartz Brown to grey, opaque Morion Dark-brown, opaque Carnelian Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent
[edit] Other silica mineral varieties
Tridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO2 that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is a denser polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impace sites. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO2 which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand.
[edit] History
The name "quartz" comes from the German "Quarz", which is of Slavic origin (Czech miners called it křemen). Other sources insist the name is from the Saxon word "Querkluftertz", meaning cross-vein ore.[2]
Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, eg. Newgrange or Carrowmore in Ireland. The Irish word for quartz is grian cloch, which means 'stone of the sun'.
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice, permanently frozen after great lengths of time. (The word "crystal" comes from the Greek word for ice.) He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a spectrum. This idea persisted until at least the 1600s.
Nicolas Steno's study of quartz paved the way for modern crystallography. He discovered that no matter how distorted a quartz crystal, the long prism faces always made a perfect 60 degree angle.
Charles Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, OH. This initiated the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances to manufactured quartz.
The quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921 [1]. George Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923 [2]. Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927 [3].
Quartz crystals are rotary polar (see rotary polarization) and have the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. They are also highly piezoelectric, becoming polarized with a negative charge on one end and a positive charge on the other when subjected to pressure. They will vibrate if an alternating electric current is applied to them. This proves them to be highly important in commerce for making pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators and watches.
[edit] Piezoelectricity
Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties, that is they generate an electric current upon the application of mechanical stress. An early use of this property of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a crystal oscillator—in fact these oscillators are often simply called "quartzes" or "crystals". The quartz clock is perhaps the most familiar device using the mineral. The same principle is also used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes by means of the quartz crystal microbalance.